Timed single-draft essays as summative assessment tasks have been argued to be inadequate for both teaching and assessing writing in the context of process writing. This is because single draft assess product rather than process. To address this concern, authors developed, implemented, evaluated two FL (foreign language) English courses that integrate various formative activities The course-emb...

in assessing foreign language writing, holistic and analytic scoring can be used to measure a variety of discourse and linguistic features. this study aimed to investigate the possible significant effect of analyt- ic and holistic assessments on improving writing skill among iranian efl learners. for this purpose, two groups of intermediate efl learners, after being homogenized, were divided in...

The main purpose of this study was to investigate science, social studies, and classroom teachers’ reading and writing practices, and to investigate their beliefs about content area reading and writing. One hundred and forty-three teachers filled out the survey developed to learn their content area reading and writing practices and beliefs. In the second part of the study, semi-structured inter...

The sway of the pendulum in language pedagogy towards conscious learning processes marks the paramount role of metalinguistic awareness. The purpose of this quasi-experimental study was to compare the impact of teacher-oriented vs. learner-generated metalinguistic awareness activities on Iranian TEFL students’ writing accuracy. Sixty participants in three intact classes were randomly assigned a...

The ability to eliminate Escherichia coli K-12 from the peritoneal cavity in the early stage of infection (48 h) was improved by the pre-administration of an aloe sample to BALB/c mice. Our results suggest that the aloe sample could inhibit infectious diseases by stimulating the host defense mechanism, especially the phagocytic and killing activities of macrophages.