This paper investigates to what extent natural-language arguments in legal discourse can be regarded as containing unexpressed premises. In a study of a Dutch civil dispute it is found that many seemingly incomplete arguments can plausibly be regarded as containing an unstated premise, especially statutory rules, legal classification rules, and empirical commonsense generalisations. However, se...

Inconsistency-adaptive logics isolate the inconsistencies that are derivable from a premise set, and restrict the rules of Classical Logic only where inconsistencies are involved. From many inconsistent premise sets, disjunctions of contradictions are derivable no disjunct of which is itself derivable. Given such a disjunction, it is often justified to introduce new premises that state, with a ...

We study the effectiveness of neural sequence models for premise selection in automated theorem proving, one of the main bottlenecks in the formalization of mathematics. We propose a two stage approach for this task that yields good results for the premise selection task on the Mizar corpus while avoiding the handengineered features of existing state-of-the-art models. To our knowledge, this is...

Automated theorem provers (ATPs) struggle to solve problems with large sets of possibly superfluous axiom. Several algorithms have been developed to reduce the number of axioms, optimally only selecting the necessary axioms. However, most of these algorithms consider only single problems. In this paper, we describe an axiom selection method for series of related problems that is based on logica...

introdouction: according to the importance of enamel discoloration and controversy regarding the effect of different orthodontic bonding materials on tooth discoloration, the aim of this study was to determine enamel discoloration following orthodontic brackets using different bonding materials. materials and methods: this in-vitro study, 30 recently extracted human premolars with intact enamel...

Antonella Tosti, Donatella Mattioli, Cosimo Misciali, Department of Dermatology, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 1, 40138, Bologna (Italy) To the editor Green discoloration of hair is well known as a consequence of copper exposure [1-5]. It can occur in copper workers [1], and it has been described following exposure to swimming pool water containing copper [2]. The following report descr...

Global health research is essentially a normative undertaking: we use it to propose policies that ought to be implemented. To arrive at a normative conclusion in a logical way requires at least one normative premise, one that cannot be derived from empirical evidence alone. But there is no widely accepted normative premise for global health, and the actors with the power to set policies may use...