The purpose of this paper was to identify the leading causes determining shadow economy at global level. empirical analysis used Sala-i-Martin version extreme bounds (EBA) applied a cross-sectional sample 132 countries. results suggested that quality institutions is primary determinant economy. showed only four out six factors proved be robust economy; they are bureaucracy quality, law and orde...

We analyze corruption in law enforcement: the payment of bribes to enforcement agents, threats to frame innocent individuals in order to extort money from them, and the actual framing of innocent individuals. Bribery, extortion, and framing reduce deterrence and are thus worth discouraging. Optimal penalties for bribery and framing are maximal, but, surprisingly, extortion should not be sanctio...

This paper examines the conceptual and empirical basis of corruption and governance and concludes that decentralized local governance is conducive to reduced corruption in the long run. This is because localization helps to break the monopoly of power at the national level by bringing decision making closer to people. Localization strengthens government accountability to citizens by involving c...

We present a new acknowledgment strategy to improve the performance of TCP sessions that originate or terminate in noisy wireless networks for mobile computers. This acknowledgment strategy allows the TCP source to distinguish between losses due to congestion and losses due to corruption. With this distinction, the source can reduce its sending rate when congestion occurs, and quickly retransmi...

We analyze corruption in law enforcement: the payment of bribes to enforcement agents, threats to frame innocent individuals in order to extort money from them, and the actual framing of innocent individuals. Bribery, extortion, and framing reduce deterrence and are thus worth discouraging. Optimal penalties for bribery and framing are maximal, but, surprisingly, extortion should not be sanctio...

This article offers empirical evidence of the utilization of evaluation findings of the World Bank Institute’s (WBI) efforts to help reduce corruption in Tanzania and Uganda. These initiatives are part of the World Bank-WBI program to curb corruption in developing countries. This analysis focuses on the mid-term evaluation of the WBI’s anti-corruption activities in those countries. The study sh...

This paper presents a novel method of audio-visual fusion for person identification where both the speech and facial modalities may be corrupted, and there is a lack of prior knowledge about the corruption. Furthermore, we assume there is a limited amount of training data for each modality (e.g., a short training speech segment and a single training facial image for each person). A new represen...

Corruption is one of the main challenges in governments. According to many international reports, corruption in developing countries is more than developed countries. On the other hand, one of the advantages of e-government is accountability and transparency. Therefore e-government can be introduced as a solution to reduce corruption in government activities. This paper studied the effect of e-...