The gastric emptying of liquids was investigated in male Wistar rats (8 to 10 weeks old, 210-300 g) dehydrated by water deprivation. In this model of dehydration, weight loss, hematocrit and plasma density were significantly higher in the dehydrated animals than in the control groups after 48 and 72 h of water deprivation (P < 0.05). Three test meals (saline (N = 10), water (N = 10) and a WHO r...

Six types of weight changes that occur when food is cooked by different methods are described. For five of these types, true retentions of nutrients (defined as calculations based on nutrient content of known weights of food before and after cooking) were compared with apparent retentions (defined as calculations based on nutrient content of moisture-free raw and cooked foods). Comparisons incl...

Intra-amygdala infusion of the non-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) prior to testing impairs inhibitory avoidance retention test performance. Increased training attenuates the impairing effects of amygdala lesions and intra-amygdala infusions of CNQX. The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of additional training...

The authors performed a meta-analysis of the distributed practice effect to illuminate the effects of temporal variables that have been neglected in previous reviews. This review found 839 assessments of distributed practice in 317 experiments located in 184 articles. Effects of spacing (consecutive massed presentations vs. spaced learning episodes) and lag (less spaced vs. more spaced learning...

This study reports the impacts of the Scientific Concept Construction and Reconstruction (SCCR) digital learning system on eighth grade students’ concept construction, conceptual change, and scientific reasoning involving the topic of “atoms”. A two-factorial experimental design was carried out to investigate the effects of the approach of instruction and students’ level of scientific reasoning...

Two experiments examined the influence of practice with, and the expectancy of, open-book tests (students viewed studied material while taking the test) versus closed-book tests (students completed the test without viewing the studied material) on delayed retention and transfer. Using GRE materials specifically designed for open-book testing, participants studied passages and then took initial ...

this study investigates the effect of four types of oral corrective feedback, namely, explicit elicitation, implicit elicitation, explicit recast and implicit recast on the most commonly mispronounced phonological features among iranian efl learners through immediate uptake and retention. five classes were randomly categorized into four experimental groups and one control group, each with 18 in...

Previous studies of physical guidance (PG physically constraining error during practice of a motor task) have found it to be ineffective in enhancing motor learning. However, most studies have used a highly constraining form of physical guidance that may have encouraged undue dependency. In addition, previous research has not fully considered the interaction between visual feedback and PG, and ...

the aim of this study was to compare the effect of audience and music on learning and performance of basketball free throw. subjects were 36 healthy non-athlete girls (age: 22.8±1.59 years, height: 163.1± 5.63 cm and weight: 54.5±7.06) who were randomly divided into three groups of audience (n=12), music (n=12) and control (n=12). protocol of acquisition phase included basketball free throw for...