This paper examines the relationship between causal ordering and two temporal abstraction techniques, namely generation of mixed models from dynamic models and aggregation of nearly decomposable models. The paper defines two notions of causal equivalence between an original model and its abstraction or its elaboration. Then, it shows that when the constraint for a uniform temporal grain size fo...

background and purpose: medical records of patients have an undeniable role on education, research and evaluation of health care delivery, and also could be used as reliable documents of past in cases of patients’ legal complains. this study was done to evaluate medical data recording at teaching hospital of birjand university of medical sciences in 2004. methods: in this descriptive-analytic s...

Evaluating the selection of content in a summary is important both for human-written summaries, which can be a useful pedagogical tool for reading and writing skills, and machinegenerated summaries, which are increasingly being deployed in information management. The pyramid method assesses a summary by aggregating content units from the summaries of a wise crowd (a form of crowdsourcing). It h...

This qualitative study aimed at exploring the causes of writing anxiety from an expansive learning perspec- tive. Given the centrality of writing for both EFL learners and teachers, writing anxiety was explored through a longitudinal study spanning two years with 25 EFL learners and teachers who participated by providing comments, diaries, and documents. The participants were also observe...

The two studies reported here explored the factor structure of the newly constructed Writing Achievement Goal Scale (WAGS), and examined relationships among secondary students' writing achievement goals, writing self-efficacy, affect for writing, and writing achievement. In the first study, 697 middle school students completed the WAGS. A confirmatory factor analysis revealed a good fit for thi...