OBJECTIVE The transmembrane receptor family of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) may play a role in initiating early inflammatory and functional responses to danger signals arising from ischemia-reperfusion and inflammatory stimuli. We determined whether Toll-like receptors are expressed in cardiac tissue and whether stimulation with cognate ligands would result in a pro-inflammatory response and decr...

The placenta constitutes a physical and immunological barrier against invading infectious agents and has been suggested to be a pregnancy-specific component of the innate immune system. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence and regulation of Toll-like receptors-2 and -4 (TLR2 and TLR4) in the human placenta, because these receptors are believed to be important for immune respons...

We have previously reported that NADPH oxidase 2 (Nox2) is up-regulated in spinal cord microglia after spinal nerve injury, demonstrating that it is critical for microglia activation and subsequent pain hypersensitivity. However, the mechanisms and molecules involved in Nox2 induction have not been elucidated. Previous studies have shown that Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are involved in nerve inj...

BACKGROUND The early secreted antigenic target 6-kDa protein (ESAT-6) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) not only acts as a key player for virulence but also exhibits a strong immunotherapeutic potential against Mtb. However, little is known about the molecular basis for its potential in immunotherapy. The present study was designed to unravel the role of miRNA-155 in ESAT-6-mediated enhanceme...

Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a global encumbrance and it is estimated that nearly one third population of the world acts as a reservoir for this pathogen without any symptoms. In this study, we attempted to characterise one of the genes of DosR regulon, Rv3131, a FMN binding nitroreductase domain containing protein, for its ability to alter cytokine profile, an essential...

BACKGROUND Peptidoglycan (PGN) is a component of cell wall in Gram-positive bacteria that stimulates inflammatory responses through Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). The carboxyl terminus of constitutive heat shock cognate 70 (HSC70)-interacting protein (CHIP, also known as Stub1) is a U-box-type E3 ubiquitin ligase, which plays an important role in protein quality control and inflammation through u...

Background: Toll like receptors (TLRs) are a major family of innate immune systems which recognize specific pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPS)in bacterial, fungi, virus and parasites. Human TLRs comprise a large family of 10 different type proteins that are expressed on various immune cells. Among these receptors, TLR1, 2, 4, 5, 6 and 10 were expressed on the cell surface. TLR2 form...

The high circulating levels of histones found in various thrombotic diseases may compromise the anticoagulant barrier of endothelial cells. We determined how histones affect endothelial procoagulant tissue factor (TF) and anticoagulant thrombomodulin (TM). Surface antigens, soluble forms, and mRNA levels of TF and TM were measured by flow cytometry, ELISA, and real-time RT-PCR, respectively. TF...

Expression and function of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in multiple myeloma (MM) has recently become the focus of several studies. Knowledge of expression and biology of these receptors in MM will provide us with a new insight into the role of an inflammatory environment in disease progression or pathogenesis of MM. However, to date a quite heterogeneous expression pattern of TLRs in MM particula...

The aim of our study was to compare patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and healthy controls regarding the expression of toll-like receptors 2, 4, 5, and 9 (TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, and TLR9), the primary mucosal receptors of bacterial components, in small and large bowel mucosa. Methods. We analysed biopsies from jejunum and sigmoid colon of 22 patients (17 females) with IBS aged 18-66 (medi...