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In the treatment of superficial lesions with 8-13 MeV electrons, lead shields are often used to protect the underlying tissue. Measurements were made with film and ion chamber to analyse various aspects of external and internal shielding in electron beam therapy. Data were obtained on the thickness of lead required for shielding, the effect of blocking on dose-rate, electron-backscattering from...

In this paper, the two-dimensional triangular orthogonal functions (2D-TFs) are applied for solving a class of nonlinear two-dimensional Volterra integral equations. 2D-TFs method transforms these integral equations into a system of linear algebraic equations. The high accuracy of this method is verified through a numerical example and comparison of the results with the other numerical methods.

the bft approach is used to formulate the electronic states in graphene through a non-commutative space in the presence of a constant magnetic field b for the first time. in this regard, we introduce a second class of constrained system, which is not gauge symmetric but by applying bft method and extending phase space, the second class constraints  converts  to the first class constraints so th...

in this article, dynamics of the cerebrospinal fluid (csf) was studied, using computational fluid dynamics. using mri images of two special cases, a 2-dimensional model of the ventricular system was made. csf velocity and pressure distribution in ventricular system have high importance since the flow pattern of this liquid has an important effect on intracranial pressure, i.e., icp, which has a...

the analytic signal method is a semiautomatic method for estimating the location of causative bodies in magnetic and gravity methods. the application of analytic signal for interpretation of two dimensional (2d) structures was introduced by nabighian (1972). the analytic signal is defined as a complex function in which the real and imaginary parts are a pair of hilbert transforms. in other word...

The surging demand for energy and staggering pollutants in the environment have geared scientific community to explore sustainable pathways that are economically feasible environmentally compelling. In this context, harnessing solar using semiconductor materials generate charge pairs drive photoredox reactions has been envisioned as a futuristic approach. Numerous inorganic crystals with promis...