Selecting a nest site is an important decision for waterfowl. Because most nest failure is due to depredation, the primary selective pressure in choosing a nest site should be to reduce depredation risk. This task is dif cult, however, because predators use differing tactics to locate nests, such as olfactory or visual cues. The purpose of this research was to evaluate both the olfactory and vi...

BACKGROUND Patients are often referred to ophthalmologists with focal visual field defects on routine testing, possibly related to a potential diagnosis of glaucoma. However, examination of the individual patient's ocular characteristics as well as facial characteristics may often reveal a cause of the visual field defect. CASE PRESENTATION We describe a patient who was found to have a superi...

Natural history data from the Diabetic Retinopathy Study were examined by multivariate methods to determine which baseline characteristics could predict the occurrence of severe visual loss (SVL) in eyes originally assigned to no treatment. The presence and extent of new blood vessels on the optic disc (NVD) had the strongest association with SVL. Several other ocular characteristics also were ...

AIM A systematic review of neuroscience articles on the emotional states of fear, anxiety, and pain to understand how emotional response is linked to the visual characteristics of an image at the level of brain behavior. BACKGROUND A number of outcome studies link exposure to visual images (with nature content) to improvements in stress, anxiety, and pain perception. However, an understanding...