Measuring the steepness of a dominance hierarchy is important for classifying social system in continuum between egalitarian and despotic. For this, often steepness-slope from de Vries et al. (Animal Behaviour, 2006, 71, 585–592) used. It compares cardinal ordinal rank each individual using slope linear regression. The disadvantage this measure that becomes lower higher proportion unknown relat...

In the safety assessment of both fixed and floating offshore structures it is necessary to ensure that the structure has sufficient strength to withstand the most extreme combination of environmental loads likely to be experienced during the design life. However significant uncertainties remain concerning the characteristics of real, extreme, three-dimensional waves. The research described in t...

We investigate wind wave growth by direct numerical simulations solving for the two-phase Navier–Stokes equations. consider ratio of speed $c$ to friction velocity $u_*$ from $c/u_*= 2$ 8, i.e. in slow intermediate regime; and initial steepness $ak$ 0.1 0.3; two being varied independently. The turbulent travelling, nearly monochromatic waves are fully coupled without any subgrid-scale models. w...

A computationally efficient numerical method is developed to investigate nonlinear interactions between steep surface gravity waves and depth-varying ocean currents. The free-surface boundary conditions are used to derive a coupled set of equations that are integrated in time for the evolution of the free-surface elevation and tangential component of the fluid velocity at the free surface. The ...

A rigorous theoretical investigation has been made on the nonlinear propagation of dust-ion-acoustic shock waves in a multi-component magnetized pair-ion plasma (PIP) having inertial warm positive and negative ions, inertialess non-thermal electrons positrons, static negatively charged massive dust grains. The Burgers’ equation is derived by employing reductive perturbation method. model suppor...

This research is conducted to examine the transmission wave and energy dissipation of a box culvert-type slotted breakwater, which designed as breakwater structure with watertight wall at top culvert type hole bottom. The process involves physical modeling this in laboratory. parameters are varied determine performance. results show that coefficient (KT) value reduced relative height (hL/d) dec...

A large data set on ripples was collected and examined. A set of new formulas for the prediction of the ripple characteristics is proposed with an emphasis on the disappearance of the ripples. The ripple wavelength was observed to be proportional to the bottom wave excursion but also to be a function of the grain-related Shields parameter and wave period parameter introduced by Mogridge et al. ...

The major objective of this study was to develop further understanding of 3D nearshore hydrodynamics under a variety of wave and tidal forcing conditions. The main tool used was a comprehensive 3D numerical model – combining the flow module of Delft3D with the WAVE solver of XBeach – of nearshore hydroand morphodynamics that can simulate flow, sediment transport, and morphological evolution. Su...

Biological market theory models the action of natural selection as a marketplace in which animals are viewed as traders with commodities to offer and exchange. Studies of female Old World monkeys have suggested that grooming might be employed as a commodity to be reciprocated or traded for alternative services, yet previous tests of this grooming-trade model in wild adult male chimpanzees have ...

The in-force probabilistic framework for passenger ship survivability assessment covers collision hazards. primarily pertains to a static approach. Nonetheless, more complex dynamic analyses usually employ the same damage definitions, adding besides breach characteristics, environmental condition selection or, precisely, irregular wave environment necessary simulate scenarios. traditional appro...