Objective(s): The neurodegeneration and loss of memory function are common consequences of aging. Medicinal plants have potent protective effects against chronic neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the beneficial effects and molecular mechanisms of crocin on brain function in D-galactose (D-gal)-induced aging model in rats. Materials and Methods: Male Wistar rat...

The α-Gal epitope is an immunogen trisaccharide structure consisting of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc)β1,4-galactose (Gal)α1,3-Gal. It presented as part complex-type glycans on glycoproteins or glycolipids cell surfaces non-primate mammalians. About 1% all antibodies in human sera are specific toward α1,3-Gal and therefore named anti-α-Gal antibodies. This work comprises the purification characte...

background: chronic inflammation and dys-regulation of the immune system mechanisms are now well established as primary triggers of gastric cancer and peptic ulcer disease. galectin-9 (gal-9) is a member of the galectin family and known as an inducer of cell aggregation, adhesion and apoptosis. gal-9 interaction with its main ligand t-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain protein-3 (tim-3) leads...

objective(s) galectin-3 (gal-3) is a member of the b-galactoside-binding lectins which is expressed in a variety of tissues and plays a role in diverse biological events, such as embryogenesis, adhesion, cellular proliferation, and apoptosis. in this study, the presence and distribution of galectin-3 (gal-3) in the mouse testicular tissue was investigated. materials and methods eight adult nmri...

Prototype galectins, endogenously expressed animal lectins with a single carbohydrate recognition domain, are well-known regulators of tissue properties such as growth and adhesion. The earliest discovered and best studied of the prototype galectins is Galectin-1 (Gal-1). In the Gallus gallus (chicken) genome, Gal-1 is represented by two homologs: Gal-1A and Gal-1B, with distinct biochemical pr...

Galectin-1 (Gal-1) and galectin-3 (Gal-3) exhibit profound but unique immunomodulatory activities in animals but their molecular mechanisms are incompletely understood. Early studies suggested that Gal-1 inhibits leukocyte function by inducing apoptotic cell death and removal, but recent studies show that some galectins induce exposure of the common death signal phosphatidylserine (PS) independ...

BACKGROUND Interactions of glycoconjugates with endogenous galectins, have been long proposed to participate in several reproductive processes including implantation. In human placenta gal-1, gal-3, gal-8, and gal-13 proteins are known to be present. Each of them has been proposed to play multiple functions, but so far no clear picture has emerged. We hypothesized that gal-1 participates in tro...

This review describes a novel method for accelerating tissue regeneration by !-gal nanoparticles and proposes methods for !-gal nanoparticles mediated increased efficacy of biomaterials used in tissue engineering. !-Gal nanoparticles present multiple !-gal epitopes (Gal!1-3Gal"1-4GlcNAc-R) that bind the most abundant natural antibody in all humansthe anti-Gal antibody, constituting ~1% of immun...