The December 2004 elections in Ghana were held under the terms of the 1992 Fourth Republic Constitution, with parliamentary and presidential polls being conducted on the same day – Tuesday December 7 th . They were held in the context of continuing economic hardship for most of the population, with an estimate of almost a third of the population being below the poverty line. Although the hyper-...

this study attempts to answer the fundamental question that how the process of the normative institutionalization (institutions linked with the values and social norms), can help for good governance and management of social, cultural, community agencies? this research investigates how the representatives how can  link the islamic consultative assembly with the social values and norms and what t...

Our paper contributes to the interdisciplinary foundations for legally binding online elections in Germany. We focus on long-term retention of election documents as this is an issue of vital importance in terms of verifying the legitimacy of an election. With regard to conventional paper-based elections, specific documents have to be retained (for example the ballots or the voters’ register) fo...

Electoral fraud is a widespread phenomenon, especially outside the developed world. Despite abundant qualitative and anecdotal evidence on its existence from around the world, there is very limited quantitative evidence on the extent of electoral fraud. We exploit random assignment of independent observers to 156 of 3,164 polling stations in the city of Moscow to estimate the effect of electora...

Owing to the rapid scientific developments the scientific landscape around alternatives to animals in research and testing has received noticeably increased attention from the manifold stakeholders interested in human-relevant methodologies and humane approaches in recent years. Now, the new interest of politics in the field of alternatives also endorses its societal and economic significance. ...

There are 833 thousand polling stations in all of the 543 parliamentary constituencies spread over 35 states of India. On the day elections are being held in any one of these polling stations, a minimum of 4 Central Police Force(CPF) personnel must be deployed there, to maintain law and order and guarantee that voters can vote freely without being intimidated by anyone. As the number of CPF per...

Political thought and behavior play an important role in our lives, from ethnic tensions in Europe, to the war in Iraq and the Middle Eastern conflict, to parliamentary and presidential elections. However, little is known about how the individual's political attitudes and decisions are shaped by subtle national cues that are so prevalent in our environment. We report a series of experiments tha...

erious allegations of fraud have been made with respect to Russia’s first competitive, party-based parliamentary election in December 1993. Although similar allegations have been made with respect to the 1995 parliamentary and 1996 presidential elections, those that concern 1993 are especially problematic. The assertion that over nine million ballots were fraudulently cast and that the turnout ...