background: invasive ductal carcinoma is the most common type of breast cancer in iran. impaired immune responses occur frequently in cancer patients, but the mechanisms of the induced immune defects remain poorly understood. it is believed that infiltrated immune cells, especially macrophages, may provide help for tumor cell growth and metastasis.   objective: to analyze the status of tumor as...

pantothenate kinase- associated neurodegeneration (pkan) syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by progressive extrapyramidal dysfunction and iron accumulation in the brain and axonal spheroids in the central nervous system. it has been shown that the disorder is caused by mutations in pank2 gene which codes for a mitochondrial enzyme participating in coenzyme a biosynthe...

background: fractures of the femoral shaft are mostly the result of high-energy accidents that also cause multiple trauma injuries, in particular ipsilateral knee and hip injuries. the purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence of injuries associated with femoral shaft fractures and how many of them were undetected. methods: we studied 148 patients (150 femoral shaft fractures) with...

introduction: though incarcerated populations are at a high risk of developing hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection, prisoners are not routinely screened for hcv infection. approximately, 1 in 4 of the nearly 2 million prisoners in the u.s. is infected with hcv. injection drug abusers are currently the main risk group. among intravenous drug abusers over the world, the prevalence of hcv varies fro...

background: ventilator-associated pneumonia (vap) is a type of nosocomial pneumonia which develops more than 48 hours after endotracheal intubation. early recognition and treatment of vap is important, since timely and appropriate management can be lifesaving. objectives: this study aimed to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of microorganisms causing vap in the intensive care u...

background ventilator- associated pneumonia (vap) continues to complicate the course of 8-28 % patients receiving mechanical ventilation. the mortality rate for vap is high, ranges from 24-50% and can reach 76% in some specific settings or when lung infection is caused by high risk pathogens. the etiologic agents widely differ according to the population of patients in an intensive care unit, d...

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background: methicillin-resistant (mrsa) staphylococcus aureus ( s. aureus ) are responsible for a vast number of nosocomial infections especially in immunocompromised subjects such as cancer patients. the presence of comorbidities including malignancies has been associated, with s. aureus bacteremia mortality. thus, the detection of mrsa in this patients and the antibiotic susceptibility patte...