12 There is high intra-specific variability in susceptibility of plants to herbivores with potential 13 effects on the population dynamics of species, community composition, structure and function. 14 This variability can be partly explained by vegetation assemblages, i.e. associational effects, but 15 it is still unclear how the spatial scale of plant associations modulates foraging choice of ...

This paper examines the dimensions of social capital in Tehran. The data were collected by means of questionnaire. 2400 residents of Tehran were selected by stratified sampling who were over 15 years old. The theories of scholars such as Pierre Bourdieu, James Coleman, and Robert Putnam in definition of social capital are applied. Social capital has been studied in five aspects including associ...

Associational effects of plant genotype or species on plant biotic interactions are common, not least for disease spread, but associational effects of plant sex on interactions have largely been ignored. Sex in dioecious plants can affect biotic interactions with herbivores and pollinators; however, its effects on plant-pathogen interactions are understudied and associational effects are unknow...

Associational susceptibility has been predicted to arise when a target plant’s neighbor is more palatable to an herbivore than the target plant itself, resulting in attraction and spillover of the herbivore onto the target plant. This prediction was tested on two hosts of the invasive pyralid moth Cactoblastis cactorum Berg. A combination of observational surveys and experimental plantings were...

This study explores the impact of social capital on innovation by constructing a more general measure of social capital indicator consisting of generalized and institutional trust, associational activities and civic norms. We test the hypothesis that social capital has a positive impact on innovation at the national level. After controlling for R&D expenditure and human capital there is a posit...

Tree diversity in forests is an important driver of ecological processes including herbivory. Empirical evidence suggests both negative and positive effects of tree diversity on herbivory, which can be, respectively, attributed to associational resistance or associational susceptibility. Tree diversity experiments allow testing for associational effects, but evidence regarding which pattern pre...

Social capital is naturally embedded in social networks. In his famous work on the causal relationship between “bridging” social capital (e.g., associational life), trust, and civic behavior, Putnam [1993] did not investigate the structural aspect of such networks. Recently, the relationship between associational life and civicness of ethnic minority groups in Europe has been investigated [Fenn...

We investigated the topographic and laminar organization of the intrinsic projections and interconnections of the macaque monkey perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices. Discrete anterograde tracer injections placed at various rostrocaudal and mediolateral levels in these cortices revealed extensive associational connections both within and between the perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices. A...

INTRODUCTION For the past two decades, researchers have been using various approaches to investigate the relationship, if any, between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and violence. The need to clarify that relationship was reinforced by the tragic mass shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut, in December 2012 by an individual diagnosed with Asperger's syndrome. The purpo...