when any extraordinary sacrifice or expenditure is intentionally and reasonably made or incurred for the common safety for the purpose of preserving from peril, the property (ship and cargoes) involved in a common maritime adventure, the interests saved , are required to make contributions in general average to the owner of lost or damaged property . general average rules originates from ancien...

We use the techniques of Karchmer and Widgerson KW90] to derive strong lower bounds on the expected parallel time to compute boolean functions by circuits. By average time, we mean the time needed on a self-timed circuit, a model introduced recently by Jakoby, Reischuk, and Schindelhauer, JRS94] in which gates compute their output as soon as it is determined (possibly by a subset of the inputs ...

Economists are often interested in estimating averages with respect to distributions of unobservables, such as moments individual fixed-effects, or average partial effects discrete choice models. For quantities, we propose and study posterior (PAE), where the is computed conditional on sample, spirit empirical Bayes shrinkage methods. While usefulness for prediction well-understood, a justifica...