this paper wants to investigate why fereydūn’s mace was bull-headed. since such weapon has a prominent role in our epics and it has been used by most of our heroes, it seems important to find its origin out.  to achieve this goal, there is a brief explanation about mace and all kinds of it in the texts of different periods in iranian and some other indo-european cultures. then some mythological...

Abstract The ancient Zoroastrian hymn of worship dedicated to the frauuaṣ̌i- s (affirmative choices) righteous mortals and divinities refers an important discourse that takes place between unnamed poet-sage his mysterious rival, named Gaōtəma. figure Gaōtəma has intrigued Avestan scholars through years, but significance implications Gaōtəma's identity, presence in hymn, date not been seriously s...

accounts and narratives of the ancient iranian texts and sources of the islamic period concerning fereydun indicate that this iranian dragon-slayer hero has been known for his three powers, that is “fighting powers,” “medical skills,” and “sorcery arts”. on the other hand, his name, fereydun (middle persian “frēdōn”, avestan “θraētaona-“), seems to mean “the owner of three powers” or “the one w...