Primordial magnetic fields possibly generated in the very early universe are one of the candidates for the origin of magnetic fields observed in many galaxies and galaxy clusters. After recombination, the dissipation process of the primordial magnetic fields increases the baryon temperature. The Lorentz force acts on the residual ions and electrons to generate density fluctuations. These effect...

Introduction: Previous investigations have shown that, with few exceptions, the lunar surface consists of a regolith layer that completely covers the underlying bedrock. The average thickness of this regolith layer has been estimated to be about 4-5 m for the mare and about 10-15 m for the highlands [1]. Knowledge of the structure, composition and distribution of the lunar regolith provides imp...

Sampling retrievals of high-accuracy first-moment statistics constitute a central concern for climate research. Considered here is the important case of brightness temperature retrievals from a selection of possible orbits. Three-hourly global satellite brightness temperature data are used to predict the sampling error of monthly to annual mean brightness temperature retrieved by one or more sa...

An attenuation-correction algorithm for the SeaWinds instrument uses the AMSR brightness temperature to find the attenuation experienced by the scatterometer signal. The algorithm uses the concept of excess temperature TeXto evaluate the attenuation. The excess temperature TeXis the difference between the measured brightness temperature and the temperature of the emitting surface. ~e algorithm ...

We discuss the observational and theoretical constraints on the brightness temperature of compact opaque synchrotron sources. We consider the implication of observed apparent velocities on the amount of Doppler boosting and compare this with values deduced from directly measured brightness temperatures from ground and space based VLBI observations, as well as the implications of intraday variab...