The role of cytokines in health and disease has received increasing attention and numerous investigations have explored the regulation of cytokine gene expression. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) has received particular attention because of its central role in septic shock and more recent work has shown its participation in transplant immunology. We explored the mechanism of cyclosporine A (C...

During a pandemic, nonspecific immunoprophylaxis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and other acute respiratory infections (ARI), which can worsen the course COVID-19, is increasingly in demand addition to specific immunization. BCG vaccine appears be one candidate immunostimulants this regard. At same time, microbe-derived preparations capable inducing state trained immunity deserve attention. bacterial ...

Emulsions have been used to boost immunogenicity of antigens since the discovery of complete Freunds adjuvant. Optimization to reduce reactogenicity of emulsion adjuvants lead to the development of oil in water emulsions based on squalene. MF59 is an oil-in-water emulsion that is a component of an approved influenza product in Europe. Currently MF59 is manufactured from squalene derived from an...

Antibody production and clinical efficacy (relative percent survival RPS) were measured in 40±5g rainbow trout after immunization with two types of Streptococcus iniae vaccines consisting of formalin killed cells (FKC) and FKC enriched with the bacterial extracellular products (ECP) administered by intraperitoneal (i.p), immersion and oral routes at 16±1°C for 18 weeks. No significant differenc...

introduction: the activity of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (hpa) axis is increased following inflammation due to its closed relation with immune system. this axis indicates an increased secretion of acth, and corticosterone during acute inflammation while little is known about its activity during chronic inflammation such as rheumatoid arthritis (ra). in this study we measured the products of...

BACKGROUND: Immunity against the T cell receptor (TCR) is considered to play a central role in the regulation of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model system of autoimmune disease characterized by a restricted usage of TCR genes. Methods of specific vaccination against the TCR of pathogenetic T cells have included attenuated T cells and synthetic peptides from the sequence of t...

background and objectives rheumatoid arthritis (ra) is a chronic inflammatory disease which is characterized by joint swelling, and synovial inflammation. c reactive protein (crp) and ceruloplasmin (cp) are identified as important biomarkers of ra and various inflammatory diseases. curcumin, a widely used yellow color spice is the most active component of curcuma longa l (turmeric). curcumin co...

introduction: immune system is involved in the etiology and pathophysiology of inflammation and vitamins are important sources of substances inducing nonspecific immunomodulatory effects. given the proinflammatory role of cytokines in the inflammation and pain induction, this study aimed to assess the effects of long-term administration of vitamin b1 on the proinflammatory cytokines, edema, and...