Introduction Counterfactual conditionals seem to be understood differently from factual conditionals. People may understand a factual conditional, e.g., ‘if Joe cut his finger it bled’ by initially envisaging just one true possibility, ‘Joe cut his finger and it bled’ (Johnson-Laird & Byrne, 1991; 2002). Counterfactual conditionals are different. People understand a counterfactual, e.g., ‘if Jo...

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Previous studies suggest that factual learning, that is, learning from obtained outcomes, is biased, such that participants preferentially take into account positive, as compared to negative, prediction errors. However, whether or not the prediction error valence also affects counterfactual learning, that is, learning from forgone outcomes, is unknown. To address this question, we analysed the ...

In this paper the combination of two new techniques in fact retrieval is discussed: A fuzzy logic based interpretation mechanism allowing the construction and translation of queries containing vague concepts (linguistic variables) and a graphical retrieval tool for factual data in which the user can specify queries by directly manipulating line charts of data sets in the database or drawing typ...

A hedge is a linguistic device used to avoid using a categorical sentence. Hedges can be used to determine whether a sentence is factual by merely regarding a sentence containing hedges as non-factual. In this paper, we perform a comparative experiment of various classification methods for hedge detection. Among four different classification methods, we observe that SVM shows the best performan...