The article depicts the situation before Cold War in which developing countries (DCs) and least Developed countries (LDCs) found themselves big loser, as they were deprived from participation in trade negotiation process, leading into establishment of GATT . Therefore, they resorted to UNCTAD  as the sole defender of their interests against Developed Countries in trade negotiations. UNCTAD has ...

Due to the importance of the government size impact on economic growth, the current study investigates the impact of government size on economic growth in economies of the developed and developing countries by using a panel data approach over the period 1990-2010. The results indicate that government size has positive effect on economic growth and negative effect on per capita production growth...

The paper applies a Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo estimation methodology to scale roll call votes in the 35 and 38 Canadian Parliaments over a multidimensional policy space. The results clearly demonstrate that policy debates are two-dimensional in Canada. The first dimension represents the classical division between the governing and the opposition parties that has been found in similar Pa...

H.Schießl, J. Willnecker Ph.D. Stratec Medizintechnik GmbH Durlacher Str. 35 D-751 72 Pforzheim, Germany According to the mechanostat theory, the mechanical loads on bones help to determine bone strength, and the largest loads come from muscle forces. Indeed, recent studies found that muscle strength and the bending strength of bone are highly correlated (r>0.93), and bone ,,mass“ and muscle ma...

Due to the hardness of solving the minimum spanning tree (MST) problem in stochastic environments, the stochastic MST (SMST) problem has not received the attention it merits, specifically when the probability distribution function (PDF) of the edge weight is not a priori known. In this paper, we first propose a learning automata‐based sampling algorithm (Algorithm 1) to solve the MST problem in...

Introduction: Millions of children less than 5 years old die from pneumonia globally and about 75-70% of these deaths occur in infants. Persian and English articles of International and National databases such as “WHO, Scopus and the Cochrane, Pub Med, Science Direct, Wiley, Google Scholar, SID, Iran Medex, Magiran, Med Lib and Iran Doc were searched from 1970 to 2014. Result: The factors such ...

since last few decades, the rapid industrialization has led to the development of many new chemicals, namely of which different kind of pesticides are of the most important ones. it is now evident that almost every food, agricultural product, water, soil and human body etc. is contaminated with some sort of chemical or pesticide. in some highly industrialized countries, new ailments have been r...

Background                                               Pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common, yet curable childhood malignancy within the pediatric cancers; but in most developed and developing countries cost of cancer treatment in children with ALL is high. So, we specified the range of expenses for the treatment of pediatric cancer and compared the results in devel...