The motion after-effect (MAE) persists in crowding conditions, i.e., when the adaptation direction cannot be reliably perceived. The MAE originating from complex moving patterns spreads into non-adapted sectors of a multi-sector adapting display (i.e., phantom MAE). In the present study we used global rotating patterns to measure the strength of the conventional and phantom MAEs in crowded and ...

Spatial crowding impairs conscious visual perception and object recognition in clutter.Short presentation times produce crowding in the normal fovea, in young participants and in uncorrected presbyopes ("aging eye"), measured as reduced visual acuity (VA). On the other hand, perceptual learning improves near VA in healthy young adults, in presbyopia, and in amblyopia. Here we aimed at exploring...

Environmental enrichment and crowding: behavioral and hormonal effects. PHYSIOL. BEHAV. 17(5) 735-741, 1976.-Male and female gerbils lived from weaning to adulthood in Enriched Crowded, Plain Crowded, Dense Crowded, or Paired conditions. Daily observations, social interaction tests with one animal from each of the 4 groups, and anatomical measures were made, and levels of cortisol and testoster...