Biologists have treated the view that fundamental differences exist between running, flying and swimming as evident, because the forms of locomotion and the animals are so different: limbs and wings vs body undulations, neutrally buoyant vs weighted bodies, etc. Here we show that all forms of locomotion can be described by a single physics theory. The theory is an invocation of the principle th...

Ducks have many of the same basic external parts as other fowl, such as chickens. However, some unique characteristics exist in the external anatomies of ducks. For example, a duck's head (shown in Figure 1) differs from a chicken's head in several ways. Ducks have no comb and, other than the crested duck, no head covering other than feathers. The bill of a duck is flatter than the beak of a ch...

We have been the first to investigate whether long-lived geese and ducks can detect and avoid a large offshore wind farm by tracking their diurnal migration patterns with radar. We found that the percentage of flocks entering the wind farm area decreased significantly (by a factor 4.5) from pre-construction to initial operation. At night, migrating flocks were more prone to enter the wind farm ...

Experimental infection of Muscovy ducks with V4 strain of Newcastle disease virus was undertaken to determine the response of the ducks to the virus and the possibility of virus transmission to ducks and chickens in village like conditions. Twelve ducks were randomly and equally divided into three groups of control, inoculated and in-contact. Additionally, the chickens were placed into two grou...

The vortex wake is the fluid dynamic footprint of swimming and flying animals. When an animal moves through fluid, Newton’s second and third laws together dictate that the locomotive force exerted by the fluid on the animal has a magnitude equal to the rate at which the animal imparts momentum to the fluid. Often the animal delivers this momentum in the form of rotating fluid masses called vort...