This paper analyzes qualitatively the impact of changes in the level and variability of the US dollar / EURO exchange rate on the real GDP growth rate and trade balance positions of three MENA countries, namely Egypt, Jordan and Morocco. First, the analytical framework is presented by developing explicit relationships between (1) output growth and the variability of the nominal exchange rate; (...

The facies changes, tectonics and magmatism across the Triassic–Jurassic boundary in the southern Tethyan margin have been studied in Egypt, Sudan, Jordan and Saudi Arabia. In Saudi Arabia and Jordan an unconformable contact is recognized between the Upper Triassic and Lower Jurassic rocks. This unconformity surface is marked by the truncation of the fluvial clastics of the uppermost Triassic b...

the main purpose of this paper is analyses the short and long run relationship between budget deficit and trade deficit in some mena countries. the data cover the period from 1971-2000 (and for i.r. iran 1 959-2003).the relationship between these variables will be analyses in short and long run by using johansen cointegration tests, ecm, and granger causality test. the empirical evidence provid...

The incidence of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases continues to escalate: half the countries in the Region reported a high incidence of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases in 2015. WHO responded to an increasing number of outbreaks. These included influenza A(H1N1) pdm09 in Libya, Kuwait and Jordan; avian influenza A (H5N1) in Egypt; MERS-CoV in Saudi Arabia and Jordan; chol...

...................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. ix INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................1 MENA REGION PRE-ARAB ...

World Health Organization has recommended all countries to introduction of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV) in routine immunization schedule, especially those countries with higher rate of mortality in children. However, Islamic Republic of Iran and more than 50 other countries including Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Belarus, Belize, Bhutan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brunei Darussalam, Cabo V...

Based on social exchange theory, this research explores if informal interorganizational business relationships in China (guanxi), South Korea (yongo), and Egypt/Jordan (wasta) affect customer loyalty a to context. A conceptual model hypothesizes interrelationships among three underlying dimensions of relationships, reciprocity, affect, trustworthiness, with loyalty. The hypotheses were tested u...