— Electing leader is a vital issue not only in distributed computing but also in communication network [1, A leader is required to make synchronization between different processes. And different election algorithms are used to elect a coordinator among the available processes in the system such a way that there will be only one coordinator at any time. Bully election algorithm is one of the cla...

We propose several models applicable to both selection and election processes when each selecting or electing subject has access to different information about the objects to choose from. We wrote special software to simulate these processes. We consider both the cases when the environment is neutral (natural process) as well as when the environment is involved (controlled process).

Several distributed algorithms require that there be a coordinator process in the entire system. Since all other processes in the system have to interact with the coordinator, they all must agree on who the coordinator is. Furthermore, if the coordinator process fails due to the failure of the site on which it is located, a new coordinator process must be elected to take up the job of the faile...

collapse of egyptian‘s old system and mubarak’s 30 years government, was making the hopes in the mind of revolutionaries that goals of revolution will be available.holding free election was one of these goals that with electing mohammed morsi from muslim brotherhoods for presidential office was accomplished. however, after a year, the elected president mohammed morsi was faced with the protests...

The various election systems used throughout the world can be divided into three families: Plurality-Majority, Proportional, and Semi-Proportional. Each family has its own characteristics, advantages and disadvantages. All three families of systems can be used for electing legislative bodies, such as the state legislature, city councils, and school boards. For executive offices, such as governo...

With the rapid development of P2P, there are some new applications such as P2PSIP and intercommunication of heterogeneous DHTs (Distributed Hash Tables). In those scenarios, there need some nodes acting as proxies and gateways. Such nodes as proxies or gateways in P2P overlays were called Supernodes (SNs). The problem of which nodes could be the SNs was called SN election. In an overlay that ha...

Analyses of the effects of election outcomes on the economy have been hampered by the problem that economic outcomes also influence elections. We sidestep these problems by analyzing movements in economic indicators caused by clearly exogenous changes in expectations about the likely winner during election day. Analyzing high frequency financial fluctuations following the release of flawed exit...

In an election, an alternative is said to be a strong Condorcet winner when more than 50% of the voters rank this alternative first in their preference orders. The strong Condorcet efficiency of a voting rule is defined as the probability of electing the strong Condorcet winner, given that such an alternative exists. In this paper, we provide some analytical representations for the strong Condo...