Genetic factors are clearly important in the etiology of schizophrenia, but the environment in which an individual's genes find expression is also crucial to the development of the illness. In this review of environmental risk factors for schizophrenia, we consider risks operating prenatally and perinatally, during childhood, and then later in life prior to illness onset Some of these risk fact...

People who smoke may tend to drink more alcoholic beverages and coffee and consume more non-narcotic pain relievers than nonsmokers. Several studies have reported a relationship between the severity of alcoholand nicotine-dependency, which in turn, may be controlled by genetic factors. Some research suggests that smoking may reduce the intoxicating effects of alcohol, promoting the progression ...

Autism is a devastating childhood condition that has emerged as an increasing social concern just as it has increased in prevalence in recent decades. Autism and the broader category of autism spectrum disorders are among the increasingly seen examples in which there is a fetal basis for later disease or disorder. Environmental, genetic, and epigenetic factors all play a role in determining the...

background: despite the advances in medical therapy and technology, the prognosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (ipf) remains poor and the need for disease prevention based on identifying the risk factors becomes mandatory. occupational and environmental exposures were studied in several countries and found to play important role in the disease development. however, in egypt, a little attent...

This paper provides a framework through which a dynamic resource management problem with potential regime shifts can be analyzed both in a strategic environment and from a social planner's perspective. Based on a fairly general model, a condition for a precautionary policy is discussed. By applying the framework to a common-property resource problemwith a linear production technology, we illust...