The fabrication of enzyme electrodes using self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) has attracted considerable interest because of the spatial control over the enzyme immobilization. A model system of glucose oxidase covalently bound to a gold electrode modified with a SAM of 3-mercaptopropionic acid was investigated with regard to the effect of fabrication variables such as the surface topography of t...

Carbon film resistor electrodes have been evaluated as transducers for the development of multiple oxidase-based enzyme electrode biosensors. The resistor electrodes were first modified with Prussian Blue (PB) and then covered by a layer of covalently immobilized enzyme. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to characterize the interfacial behaviour of the Prussian Blue modified and e...

Choline oxidase (ChOx) was chosen as a model enzyme for evaluating the performance of CNTs’ functional groups for development of enzyme electrodes. CNTs were functionalized with carboxylic acid, amine or amide groups. Carboxylic acid, amine and amide functionalized CNTs were obtained by acid treatment, ethylenediamine or tetraethylenepentamine chemically modification and ammonia plasma treatmen...

The electrical contacting of redox enzymes with electrodes is the most fundamental requirement for the development of amperometric biosensors and biofuel cell elements. For the effective electrical communication of redox enzymes with electrodes the use of electron relay units that transport the electrons between the enzyme redox center and the conducting surface is essential. Also, the structur...

This paper reports a novel approach in the electrode immobilization of an enzyme, invertase, by electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole in the presence of enzyme. The polypyrrole/invertase and polyamide/polypyrrole/invertase electrodes were constructed by the entrapment of enzyme in conducting matrices during electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole. This study involves the preparation and c...

Ta-based compounds show Pt-like behavior: Binary tantalum compounds as counter electrodes (CEs) in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) demonstrate Pt-like electrocatalytic activity and competitive photovoltaic performance, matching the performance of DSCs with Pt CEs. The first-principle density functional theory (DFT) calculations provide a strategy for understanding the relationship between the...

A number of new precipitate-based electrodes based for example on mixtures of metal chalcogenides, as well as enzyme electrodes and coated wire electrodes, are described. Their analytical application in the widest sense is reviewed for anions and cations.

Forty years have passed since Clark and Lyons proposed the concept of glucose enzyme electrodes. Excellent economic prospects and fascinating potential for basic research have led to many sensor designs and detection principles for the biosensing of glucose. Indeed, the entire field of biosensors can trace its origin to this glucose enzyme electrode. This review examines the history of electroc...