This article highlights a problem which has troubled courts in the United States in recent years, and like most equality issues arising in US litigation, it is likely to trouble Europe’s courts in due course. It concerns the victimisation provisions expressed in equality legislation, such as the Civil Rights Act 1964 (US), the EU Equality Directives, or the Equality Act 2010 (UK). The problem i...

The European Court lifted the Italian ban on pre-implantation diagnostics (PGD). As such the Court accepted PGD as a generally accepted means for medically assisted procreation, which mayhaveconsequences for other member states prohibiting PGD.

This Article considers the European Community (“Community” or “EC”) antitrust law rules on the duty to supply competitors with important goods or services. It is convenient to begin, in Part I of this Article, by summarizing the relevant Treaty provisions, and the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Communities (the “Court”) and the Commission of the European Communities (the “Comm...

There are two major European Courts, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) and the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). The ECJ deals with legal matters, mainly involving the interpretation of EU law and ensuring that the law is applied evenly across all 27 EU member states. The ECHR aims to make certain that civil and political rights of citizens in the 46 member states of the Council of Europ...

the criminal justice and observance of human rights principles have important roles in efficiency of bodies involved in combating against terrorism. as some states like u.k. have violated several international provisions such as international civil and political covenant and the european convention of human rights, this article tries to verify anti-terrorism crime and security act (atcsa) and i...

Knowledge and understanding the means of appeals lodged before the courts of the European Union, limited only to the points of law, are very important taking into account the modality to control a judgment delivered by an inferior court exists since ancient times, being governed among others, by the Larin principle: res judicata pro veritate accipitur. In the following we will examine, in gener...