the european court lifted the italian ban on pre-implantation diagnostics (pgd). as such the court accepted pgd as a generally accepted means for medically assisted procreation, which may have consequences for other member states prohibiting pgd.

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the criminal matters is one of the important achievements of modern human right. the mentioned concept is also the initiative of european court of human rights and one of the important elements of the implementation of article 6 of the european convention on human rights. one of the main results of recognizing this concept is the fact that administrative and disciplinary violations that may not...

Where do we go from here? While risk equalisation has been given legal backing by the Irish High Court and the European Court of First Instance, the Supreme Court judgment is still awaited, and it remains to be seen whether the Court of First Instance judgment will be appealed to the European Court of Justice. Further legal challenges are also pending in the Irish courts, and Sean Quinn, Chairm...

According to art.267 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), the courts of the Member States may—and sometimes must—refer questions about the validity and interpretation of EU law to the Court of Justice of the EU so that it can make a binding ruling. This article reviews the practice of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) on the demands that art.6 of the European ...

This Essay focuses on one aspect of the work of the European Court, that of judicial protection of the individual, an area where it appears that the Court has taken steps towards the creation of a common law for Europe, or ius commune. JUDICIAL PROTECTION OF THE INDIVIDUAL BY THE EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE

In a new case on patients seeking medical services abroad, the Leichtle case, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) confirmed its previous rulings on patient mobility. According to the Court, patients in the European Union have a (conditional) right to receive health care abroad, whereas the sickness fund should reimburse the costs of treatment and travel expenditures. As such, the Court has stre...

This Essay does not focus on the feasibility of an European Community (”EC”) civil code, but rather addresses questions of substance relating to the law of obligations, that is, the law of contract and tort, leaving aside the law of property and family law. Nevertheless, I must state that I do not believe in the feasibility of a uniform Civil Code for the European Community. Rather than employi...

Abstract The Qajar dynasty was a time of civil wars as well as the wars against Russia, meanwhile, Qajarid Shahs, understanding the power of sublime art both in internal and external political relations, tried to expand and renew the style of the mural decorations which is the issue of this article. Increasing the relations with European countries like England and France, Fath Ali Shah and ...

1. Wellcome Trust – Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR United Kingdom 2. European Bioinformatics Institute, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SD, United Kingdom 3. Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB...