this study investigated the effects of two types of written feedback – direct corrective feedback (dcf) and metalinguistic explanation (me) - on iranian efl learners’ implicit and explicit knowledge of english definite and indefinite articles. assigned to three groups of dcf, me, and control groups, the participants took four tests in three testing phases: pretest, posttest, and delayed posttes...

The theoretical framework proposed by Dienes & Perner sets the wrong standards for knowledge to be considered explicit. Animals other than humans possess knowledge, too, some of which is probably explicit. We argue that a comparative approach to investigating knowledge is likely to be more fruitful than one based on linguistic constructs and unobservable phenomena. We agree with Dienes & Perner...

In the information based deenition of knowledge, an agent is said to know at a state s if is true in all states that look the same as s to that agent. However, in systems where an agent's view of the system is partial, even if a state s 0 may be logically indistinguishable from a state s, s 0 may not be visible from s. For instance, in a distributed system, all global states in which the agent'...

The name Generic Common Knowledge (GCK) was suggested by Artemov to capture a state of a multi-agent epistemic system that yields iterated knowledge I(φ): ‘any agent knows that any agent knows that any agent knows. . .φ’ for any number of iterations. The generic common knowledge of φ, GCK(φ), yields I(φ),

This study aimed to investigate the impact of textual enhancement and metalinguistic explanation as focus-on-form tasks tending to encourage the acquisition of nominal clauses (NCs) in English. It explored (a) whether textual enhancement and metalinguistic explanation would promote and enhance the knowledge of NCs, (b) whether these two tasks would differ in terms of enhancing learners' knowled...

Change your habit to hang or waste the time to only chat with your friends. It is done by your everyday, don't you feel bored? Now, we will show you the new habit that, actually it's a very old habit to do that can make your life more qualified. When feeling bored of always chatting with your friends all free time, you can find the book enPDF knowledge annotation making implicit knowledge expli...