Export Credit Agencies (ECAs) have played an important role in cushioning the downturn cross border trade during current economic and financial crisis. This article discusses of ECAs facilitating to emerging markets as well rationale for existence such agencies. It also demonstrates how selected risk mitigation instruments ECAs, namely: (i) buyer credit guarantee, (ii) supplier guarantees (iii)...

in contracts to insure the implementation of contractual obligations, guarantees will obtain from promisor. with reference to the general conditions of guarantees, nature and custody of these guarantees does not have been stipulated in civil law and fidic contracts. in civil law about the analysis of the substantive guarantees, the views presented that among the most are: contract guarantee, um...

Economic growth is an increase in productive capacity of economy. There different school thought on economic including from the classical to solo-swan theories. Export sector country were seen as engine through economies scale, accessing markets and expanding trade. This study was conducted order investigate relationship between export growth, special focusing agricultural (meat, live animal le...

The aim of this study is to define and introduce the variable of export entrepreneurship and factors affecting it in a global export-centric model. However, we seek to find the effect of the variables of export entrepreneurship and export market orientation‎ on export performance. To test the research hypotheses, a sample of 296 people employed in food and agricultural products company located ...

Among agricultural products in Iran, pistachio is one of the major export products that can produce foreign currency. The present study evaluated factors affecting pistachio export earnings instability and its effect on agricultural export during the studied period. For this purpose, export earnings instability index was calculated using "average absolute difference between export earnings and ...