Fire is a ubiquitous component of the Earth system that is poorly understood. To date, a global-scale understanding of fire is largely limited to the annual extent of burning as detected by satellites. This is problematic because fire is multidimensional, and focus on a single metric belies its complexity and importance within the Earth system. To address this, we identified five key characteri...

Fire has a fundamental role in the Earth system as it influences global and local ecosystem patterns and processes, such as vegetation distribution and structure, the carbon cycle and climate. Since, in the global context, Brazil is one of the regions with higher fire activity, an assessment is here performed of the sensitivity of the wildfire regime in Brazilian savanna and shrubland areas to ...

Throughout much of the history of ecological science, wildfires were viewed as disasters that destroyed ecosystems. Currently, however, most scientists and managers have overcome this shortsighted view and now consider fires as ecological processes that influence structure and function in many ecosystems worldwide. Despite this, there remain several outstanding controversies regarding the role ...

Automatic fire detection is important for early detection and promptly extinguishing fire. There are ample studies investigating the best sensor combinations and appropriate techniques for early fire detection. In the previous studies fire detection has either been considered as an application of a certain field (e.g., event detection for wireless sensor networks) or the main concern for which ...

the present article, following an archetypical criticism, studies the symbolic aspect of the four elements-fire, water, earth, air- and their manifestations in ferdowsi’s shāhnāmeh. the embodiment of the essential opposition and the ultimate unification of the opposing elements is the result of the environmental subjects trying to overcome the nature. in this process, the emotional elements fin...

Cosmology has been formulated with four cosmic elements Water, Earth, Air and Heat (Fire). They are really the raw materials of creation. As final products in man there is Body, Spirit. and Soul. As ino-qanic substances they would be Salt, Mercury and Sulphur. But these as forms of matter would be Solid, Liquid and Gas (potentially). Thus the Tria Prima of Paracelsus is justifiable as represent...