We compare three forcing data sets, all variants of NCEP forcing, in global ice-ocean simulations and evaluate them for use in Arctic model studies. The data sets include the standard Arctic Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (AOMIP) protocol, standard NCEP forcing fields, and the data set of Large and Yeager (2004). We explore their performance in Arctic simulations using a global, coupled, s...

Using the theory of rudimentary recursion and provident sets developed in a previous paper, we give a treatment of set forcing appropriate for working over models of a theory PROVI which may plausibly claim to be the weakest set theory supporting a smooth theory of set forcing, and of which the minimal model is Jensen’s Jω. Much of the development is rudimentary or at worst given by rudimentary...

1. Introduction Let V [G] be the result of adding a Cohen real and a Cohen subset of ω 2 to a model V of the GCH. Every infinite cardinal gets a new subset in V [G], namely, the Cohen real. Yet, in some sense, only ω and ω 2 get new subsets. One way to capture this is to say that a sort of dual to Covering holds between V and V [G], namely, " κ-cocovering " for κ other than ω and ω 2. We need s...

With every σ-ideal I on a Polish space we associate the σ-ideal generated by closed sets in I. We study the forcing notions of Borel sets modulo the respective σ-ideals and find connections between their forcing properties. To this end, we associate to a σ-ideal on a Polish space an ideal on a countable set and show how forcing properties of the forcing depend on combinatorial properties of the...

We prove that a number of axioms, each a consequence of PFA (the Proper Forcing Axiom) are equivalent. In particular we show that TOP (the Thinning-out Principle as introduced by Baumgartner in the Handbook of set-theoretic topology), is equivalent to the following statement: If I is an ideal on co, with co, generators, then there exists an uncountable X C co,, such that either [X]w n I = 0 or ...

Let $G=(V,E)$ be a simple connected graph. A perfect matching (or Kekul'e structure in chemical literature) of $G$ is a set of disjoint edges which covers all vertices of $G$. The anti-forcing number of $G$ is the smallest number of edges such that the remaining graph obtained by deleting these edges has a unique perfect matching and is denoted by $af(G)$. In this paper we consider some specifi...

In radiative forcing and climate feedback frameworks, the initial stratospheric and tropospheric adjustments to a forcing agent can be treated as part of the forcing and not as a feedback, as long as the average global surface temperature response is negligible. Here, a very large initial condition ensemble of the Community Earth System Model is used to analyze how the ocean shapes the fast res...