transportation is an important part of modern community life as well as one of the largest sources of greenhouse gas emissions in urban communities, the population growth of which can increase transportation capacity. monorail systems are relatively new rail transportation systems which are currently being designed and constructed in different countries. we have applied the intergovernmental pa...

since the mid-19 th century, human activities have increased greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide in the earth's atmosphere that resulted in increased average temperature. the effects of rising temperature include soil degradation, loss of productivity of agricultural land, desertification, loss of biodiversity, degradation of ecosystems, reduced fresh-water resou...

. introduction the siberian high (sh) is a quasi-stationary and semi-permanent surface high pressure system residing over the eurasian continent during winter with its climatological–mean central pressure exceeding 1030 hpa. this most important atmospheric center of action controls the climate of a wide area of this continent. the sh forms generally in october mainly in response to strong radia...

gradual increase of the earth's surface temperature can cause many significant changes on the climate of our planet. this problem is progressively increasing. one of the main reasons for this phenomenon is the absorption of the sun's energy and lack of proper reflection of emissions due to man-made activities, one of which is the increase in black surfaces. in this descriptive and cross-section...

the water remains at the centre of livelihood from the beginning of human civilization. civilization enriched mostly on the fertile plains and river valleys. with times, people began migrating to highland slopes where there was easy access to water to use. two villages in mustang region of nepal were considered for research to drill the causes of conflicts on water sources right and water share...

Background: Due to the greenhouse gases emission caused by human activities there is wide agreement about global warming. Methane is one of the most dangerous greenhouse gases in the global warming process which is produced through human activities and natural processes. In addition, the use of fertilizers and chemical pesticides would produce nitrogen monoxide in the atmosphere. This gas is an...

The role of General Circulation Models (GCMs) has become predominantly important as the practical interest in regional impacts from anthropogenic greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) grows. This first report documents the quality of GCMs as a tool for describing and predicting ‘global warming’ and the related geographical pattern of climate change from the CO2 added to Earth’s atmosphere.

Article history: Accepted 2 May 2014 Available online 24 May 2014