Immutability is a highly requested feature missing from the mainstream object-oriented languages. Boyland [2] argues that immutability cannot be introduced into a language without additional aliasing-prone mechanisms such as ownership (or fractional permissions). Rather than providing support for both of these important features independently [8, 6, 1], we explore the possibility of unifying th...

We review scientific research and legal authorities to argue that the immutability of sexual orientation should no longer be invoked as a foundation for the rights of individuals with same-sex attractions and relationships (i.e., sexual minorities). On the basis of scientific research as well as U.S. legal rulings regarding lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) rights, we make three claims: First, a...

The ability to specify immutability in a programming language is a powerful tool for developers, enabling them to better understand and more safely transform their code without fearing unintended changes to program state. The C++ programming language allows developers to specify a form of immutability using the const keyword. In this work, we characterize the meaning of the C++ const qualifier ...

STUDY DESIGN We introduce a simple free hand technique with great ease of application, without angles, measures or degrees, and without any fluoroscopic guidance. It is a safe and reproducible technique. We present our preliminary experience with the use this technique, with inimitable simplicity. PURPOSE The primary aim of the procedure was to achieve adequate screw trajectory in an apparent...

Programming in an object-oriented language demands a fine balance between high degrees of expressiveness and control. At one level, we need to permit objects to interact freely to achieve our implementation goals. At a higher level, we need to enforce architectural constraints so that the system can be understood by new developers and can evolve as requirements change. To resolve this tension, ...

We propose a mechanism for alias control which is based on the Unified Modeling Language (UML). Specifically, we propose use of ownership and immutability constraints on UML associations and verification of these constraints through reverse engineering. These constraints inherently support software design principles, and impose requirements on the implementation that may help prevent serious pr...