the europeans consider roger bacon as the inventor of spectacles, and the 13th century, as the beginning of using lenses as spectacles. it can truly be said that the lenses had not been born all of a sudden then. it may be concluded that the lenses had been available long before that time.   we are all familiar with quartz, a transparent volcanic stone that begins its journey in the rivers afte...

Cocaine and Amphetamine Regulated Transcript (CART) peptides are anorexigenic neuropeptides. The L34F mutation in human CART peptide precursor (proCART) has been linked to obesity (Yanik et al. Endocrinology 147: 39, 2006). Decrease in CART peptide levels in individuals carrying the L34F mutation was attributed to proCART subcellular missorting. We studied proCART features required to enter the...

Solgi or Sharif Abad tepe (A&B) is one of the larger settlement sites Gamasi-Ab river basin in Nahavand plain. This site lies at intersection old ancient roads that go from Sahne, Harsin and Kangavar to Nihavand other eastern regions. In study this area, pottery Early Bronze Age (Godin IV-Yanik, Kura-Araxes), related Godin III, II historical period were obtained. The examination these artef...

chronology of northwestern iran is principally based on archeological excavations of the area located around urmia lake. although plain and filled with water, and the outcomes of these excavations are extended to the whole northwestern region. however, northwestern iran despite having geographical diversities with mountainous plains and low stretches, systematic and comprehensive studies have b...

To cite: Bas A, Tutar O, Yanik I, et al. BMJ Case Reports Published online: 10 December 2012 doi:10.1136/bcr-2012007643 DESCRIPTION A 32-year-old man was referred to a radiology department for intermittent anterior knee pain and swelling for approximately 6 months. The patient denied any history of major trauma, fracture or infection. MRI was performed to diagnose the cause of knee pain. The ax...

Somatic cells can be reprogrammed to a pluripotent stem-cell state by ectopic expression of defined proteins. However, existing reprogramming methods take several weeks, suffer from low efficiencies, and most use DNA-based vectors, which carry mutagenesis risks. Here, we describe efficient and rapid reprogramming of human cells using RNA. Within two weeks, fibroblasts from 7 adult patients, inc...