Abstract Task-based language teaching has received increased attention in second language research. However, the combination of structured input-based approach and task-based language teaching has not been examined in relation to L2 grammar learning. To address this gap, the present study investigated how the structured input-based tasks with and without explicit information impacted learners’ ...

Abstract Task-based language teaching has received increased attention in second language research. However, the combination of structured input-based approach and task-based language teaching has not been examined in relation to L2 grammar learning. To address this gap, the present study investigated how the structured input-based tasks with and without explicit information impacted learners’ ...

the purpose of this research was to analyze efl writing tasks in two of the most popular english for speakers of other languages (esol) exam preparation courses in iran, namely ielts and toefl. having collected the criteria of writing task appropriateness in light of the process-oriented approach to writing instruction, we asked 60 learner participants to rate efl writing tasks in 3 ielts and 3...

We present the design and implementation of a task-oriented system, that dynamically binds user tasks to available devices and services within a ubiquitous environment. The system provides users with a task-based interface for interacting with the environment. This interface is re-oriented around user tasks, rather than particular functions of individual devices or services. The system has two ...

This study explored the effect of input vs. collaborative output tasks on Iranian EFL learners’ grammatical accuracy and their willingness to communicate (WTC). In so doing, the study utilized 3 input (i.e., textual enhancement, processing instruction, and discourse) and 3 collaborative output (i.e., dictogloss, reconstruction cloze task, and jigsaw) tasks and compared their effects on 5 Englis...

in dea to obtain an efficient representation in ccr andbcc models for each dmu only one linear plan would be solved; however,it is possible in centralized resource allocation (cra) to solve allthe dmus by one linear planning. in this paper, models of centralizedresource allocation in input-oriented and in dynamic case will be offeredand by using dynamic sbm, the representation of dmus in each t...

   Negative data handling has gained a remarkable importance in the literature of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to address many real life problems. Various erstwhile applications, in this arena, referred relocation of the origin to a superior (RDM) or to an inferior (Translated Input Oriented BCC) neighboring point. In this paper, the conditions for Rotation Invariance of various Data Envelop...

In production theory, it is necessary to be capable of predicting the production func- tion’s long-run behaviors. Hereof, returns to scale is a helpful concept. Returns to scale describes the reaction of a production function to the proportionally scaling all its input variables. In this regard, Data envelopment analysis (DEA) provides a com- prehensive framework for returns to scale evaluation...