The Triple Helix model of university-industry-government relations can be generalized from a neo-institutional model of networks of relations to a neo-evolutionary model of how three selection environments operate upon one another. Two selection mechanisms operating upon each other can mutually shape a trajectory, while three selection environments can be expected to generate a regime. The neo-...

in the current age, the importance of using knowledge as a tool for creativity and innovation at national level is considerable. furthermore, it would be taken into consideration as strategic need in the competition among different countries. hence in this paper, a new knowledge strategic management framework was developed with emphasizing on knowledge based innovation, upon up studying knowled...

Several economic models have described the theoretical causes and consequences of ‘credit rationing’ and ‘under-investment. This literature shows the long-run effects of initial wealth distribution and entrepreneurial ability on the process of occupational choice and performance, and its consequences on inequality. Surprisingly, there is very little micro-level evidence on the existence and eff...

Abstract During pre-training, a Foundation Model is trained on an extensive collection of documents and learns the distribution words in correct fluent language. In this chapter, we investigate knowledge acquired by PLMs larger Models. We first discuss application Models to specific benchmarks test large number areas examine if models are able derive conclusions from content. Another group test...