In the present study, we administered two low protein diets (LPDs) to rats during pregnancy and lactation and determined their effect on the ontogeny of select hepatic cytochrome P450 (P450) isoforms in their offspring. The L93 and LM76 LPDs were derived from the American Society of Nutrition recommended AIN93G and a modified version of the AIN76A purified control diets, respectively. The LPDs ...

This paper studies slot allocation at congested airports in Europe. First, I discuss the inefficiencies of the current regulation, introduced as part of the liberalisation process of the air transport market. Then, I consider three marked based methods which are suitable to achieve a more efficient allocation of slots to airlines: congestion pricing, auctions and secondary trading. These method...

abstract efficiency concept has a long history in the sciences and its measurement and analysis is a vital importance for firms to achieve the best performance. hence, the aim of this paper is efficiency evaluation of mahan air compared to iata member airlines in middle east and africa. for this purpose, the indicators include available ton kilometer, revenue ton kilometer, revenue passenger ki...

Standard merger simulations focus solely on price changes while constraining the set of product characteristics to be identical preand post-merger. Recent papers have begun to address this issue (see, e.g. Fan, August 2013 AER). To overcome the limitations of traditional simulations, I endogenize both prices and product characteristics by specifying a two-stage oligopoly game. After estimating ...

This paper analyses the effects of peak load pricing on welfare. It introduces a model with three firms, two airlines and one airport, in a two-stage game that solves the airlines duopoly problem in a Bertrand game and the airport’s profit maximisation. Conclusions are different from others in precedent works, which stresses the importance of putting all firms together in the game. Mainly, resu...

Cross-border integration is a complex process, but it could bring benefits to the nations involved in motivating trade and tourism. Air transport has been playing an important role accelerating of economies countries Association Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). The introduction visa-free exemption agreement 2006 ratification semi-ASEAN open skies 2016 have stimulated intra-ASEAN travel trade. H...

This paper examines the application of price-cap regulation to the UK airport industry, with particular reference to the expansion of London-Stansted. This expansion is relevant to the debate concerning investment incentives inherent in the RPI–X approach and whether the UK style of regulation encourages the ‘sweating of assets’ at the expense of new investment. Stansted’s expansion also sugges...

This paper explores the effect of airline emissions charges on airfares, airline service quality, aircraft design features, and network structure, using a detailed and realistic theoretical model of competing duopoly airlines. These impacts are derived by analyzing the effects of an increase in the effective price of fuel, which is the path by which emissions charges will alter airline choices....

This paper studies passengers’ choice behavior in air travel. Products are defined as a unique combination of airline and flight itinerary while markets are defined as a directional round-trip air travel between an origin and a destination city. A structural econometric model is used to investigate the relative importance of price (airfare) and non-price product characteristics in explaining pa...

This note explores the extent to which airlines operating large hub-and-spoke networks secure a competitive advantage. More speci®cally, this paper explores the intricate relationship which arises among productive eciencies and pro®tability when the size of the hub-and-spoke network expands. To this end, Brueckner and Spiller (1991, International Journal of Industrial Organization 9, 323±342) ...