Crop residues on the soil surface protect the soil against erosion, increase water infiltration and reduce agrochemicals in runoff water. Crop residues and soils are spectrally different in the absorption features associated with cellulose and lignin. Our objectives were to: (1) assess the impact of water on the spectral indices for estimating crop residue cover (fR); (2) evaluate spectral wate...

In this paper, we adapt a mixture model originally developed for regression models with independent data for the more general case of correlated outcome data, which includes longitudinal data as a special case. The estimation is performed by a gener-alisation of the EM algorithm which we call the Expectation-Solution (ES) algorithm. In this ES algorithm the M-step of the EM algorithm is replace...

Statistics of frame-level pitch have recently been used in speaker recognition systems with good results [1, 2, 3]. Although they convey useful long-term information about a speaker’s distribution of f0 values, such statistics fail to capture information about local dynamics in intonation that characterize an individual’s speaking style. In this work, we take a first step toward capturing such ...

Latent growth curve models with piecewise functions are flexible and useful analytic models for investigating individual behaviors that exhibit distinct phases of development in observed variables. As an extension of this framework, this study considers a piecewise linear–linear latent growth mixture model (LGMM) for describing segmented change of individual behavior over time where the data co...

A major issue in educational research involves taking into consideration the multilevel nature of the data. Since the late 1980s, attempts have been made to model social science data that conform to a nested structure. Among other models, two-level structural equation modelling or two-level path modelling and hierarchical linear modelling are two of the techniques that are commonly employed in ...