We study the spontaneous formation of granular towers produced when dry sand is poured on a wet sand bed. When the liquid content of the bed exceeds a threshold value W*, the impacting grains have a nonzero probability to stick on the wet grains due to instantaneous liquid bridges created during the impact. The trapped grains become wet by the capillary ascension of water and the process contin...

The radiative characteristics of stratocumulus clouds are dependent upon their microphysical properties, primarily the liquid water content and effective radius of the drop population. Aircraft observations of droplet spectra in warm stratocumulus over the North Atlantic and around the British Isles by the Hercules C-130 aircraft of the U.K. Meteorological Office Meteorological Research Flight ...

Using simultaneous S and Ka band observations it is possible to retrieve a path integrated value of the water vapor content as well as cloud liquid water content values using the atmospheric and liquid water attenuation properties at the two frequencies. Recently the NCAR S-band dual polarimetric (S-Pol) radar has been upgraded to include simultaneous Ka-band radar measurements (Farquharson et ...

Field trials of the dilution technique for measuring snow liquid water content show that the refined procedure is rapid and simple. Measurements of the liquid water mass fraction with an absolute error of --• 1.5% can be obtained by one operator at a rate of 10-15 samples per hour, but if the water content is low (0-2%), the relative error can be high. Electrolytic conductivity is the preferred...

Liquid fractions in mixed-phase clouds have been analysed using aircraft measurements taken in midand high latitude stratiform clouds. The liquid fraction generally increases with temperature but has a minimum at about −15 ◦C, where the maximum ice crystal growth based on vapour deposition would be expected. The mean liquid fraction also depends on total water content. This suggests that segreg...

Vertically integrated liquid (VIL) water content is a parameter obtained from a radar performing voluminal scanning. This parameter has proven useful in the detection of severe storms and may be a worthwhile indicator for very short-term rainfall forecasting methods. Unfortunately, no information is available on the accuracy of VIL radar measurements. The present paper addresses this issue by m...