Current arguments for the role of cofactors in the initiation of a chronic HIV infection and progression of AIDS are given. The natural history of an HIV infection as affected by cofactors which provide additional stimulatory signals is explored through a mathematical model. The model demonstrates that "antigen load" plays a role in determining susceptibility to an HIV infection. It also sugges...

A mathematical model that describes HIV infection of CD4(+) T cells is analyzed. Global dynamics of the model is rigorously established. We prove that, if the basic reproduction number R(0) < or = 1, the HIV infection is cleared from the T-cell population; if R(0) > 1, the HIV infection persists. For an open set of parameter values, the chronic-infection equilibrium P* can be unstable and perio...

HIV-1 can disseminate between susceptible cells by two mechanisms: cell-free infection following fluid-phase diffusion of virions and by highly-efficient direct cell-to-cell transmission at immune cell contacts. The contribution of this hybrid spreading mechanism, which is also a characteristic of some important computer worm outbreaks, to HIV-1 progression in vivo remains unknown. Here we pres...

background the increase in high-risk injections and unsafe sexual behaviors has led to increased hiv infection prevalence among intravenous drug users (idus). the high costs of hiv/aids care and low financial resources necessitate an economic evaluation to make the best decision for the control of hiv/aids. objectives this study was conducted to determine the cost-effectiveness of methadone mai...

We have developed a mathematical model for in-host virus dynamics that includes spatial chemotaxis and diffusion across a two-dimensional surface representing the vaginal or rectal epithelium at primary HIV infection. A linear stability analysis of the steady state solutions identified conditions for Turing instability pattern formation. We have solved the model equations numerically using para...

HIV, like many other infections, is a severe and lethal infection. Fractal-fractional operators are frequently used in modeling numerous physical processes the current decade. These provide better dynamics of mathematical model because these generalization integer fractional-order operators. This paper aims to study HIV during primary infection by fractal-fractional Atangana–Baleanu (AB) The su...