Introduction: Cognitive dysfunction is the most common problem of patients with Alzheimer disease (AD). The pathological mechanism of cognitive impairment in AD may contribute to neuronal loss, synaptic dysfunction, and alteration in neurotransmitters receptors. Mitochondrial synapses dysfunction due to the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) is one of the earliest pathological features of AD. Th...

oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are the main suggested mechanisms for neurodegenerative diseases. in this study, we have evaluated the effects of epicatechin (ec) on mitochondrial damage induced by homocycteine (hcy) using isolated rat hippocampus mitochondria in vivo . ec (50 mg/kg) was gavaged daily for a period of 10 days, starting 5 days prior to hcy (0.5 μmol/μl) intra hippo...

glaucoma is the second leading cause of irreversible blindness and a neurodegenerative disease with a complex pathogenesis. increasing evidence suggests that oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction have crucial roles in most neurodegenerative diseases such as glaucoma. the conventional clinical treatment for glaucoma is lowering the intraocular pressure (iop). some patients have normal i...

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that inflammation, demyelination, oligodendrocyte loss, gliosis, axonal injury and neurodegeneration are the main histopathological hallmarks of the disease. Although MS was classically thought as a demyelinating disease, but axonal injury occurs commonly in acute inflammatory lesions. In MS mi...

mitochondria are unique organelles with major role in cellular function, not only as a major site of atp production, but also by regulating energy expenditure, apoptosis signaling, and production of reactive oxygen species. they play a central role in determining the point-of-no-return for the apoptotic process. there is accumulating evidence supporting a direct link between mitochondria, oxida...

cigarette smoking is one of the main risk factors for premature human death associated to a variety of respiratory and vascular diseases, and cancer due to containing hundreds of toxicants. rat mitochondria were obtained by differential ultracentrifugation and incubated with different concentrations (1, 10 and 100%) of standardized cigarette smoke extract (cse). our results showed that cigarett...

multiple sclerosis (ms) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that inflammation, demyelination, oligodendrocyte loss, gliosis, axonal injury and neurodegeneration are the main histopathological hallmarks of the disease. although ms was classically thought as a demyelinating disease, but axonal injury occurs commonly in acute inflammatory lesions. in ms mi...

Introduction: According to evidence, Early-Life Stress (ELS), mood disorders, and medical comorbidities, i.e.  Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), are correlated; however, the direct contribution of ELS to IBS manifestations is less understood. The current study aimed at evaluating the effect of voluntary exercise on the mitochondrial dysfunction of the bowel fibroblasts, following the confirmation...

Industrial wastewater is of global concern due to its severe effects on the environment. Compared with municipal wastewater, industrial wastewater generally contains the high concentration of toxic or no biodegradable pollutants. In recently year, scientific showed that scallop could filtration wastewater. Therefore, it was decided to determine the mechanistic toxicity of wastewater contained N...