Glioblastoma multiform (GBM) is the most common and malignant form of glial tumors. GBM microenvironment contains various cell types showing characteristics of activated or dimorphic macrophages/microglia. Some of these cells provide significant help for tumor growth, while others are able to inhibit tumor progression. Microglia play a major role in brain function by monitoring tissue for patho...

Microglia, the CNS resident macrophages, and astrocytes, the most abundant glial cell population, are both implicated in brain pathologies and can exhibit a pro-inflammatory phenotype. Microglial cells are known to rapidly and strongly react to brain insults. They will promote astrocyte activation and may lead to a vicious, self-perpetuating cycle of chronic inflammation. To obtain a better und...

how to cite this article: : farivar s, mohamadzade z, shiari r, fahimzad ar. neural differentiation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells by cerebrospinal fluid. . iran j child neurol. 2015 winter; 9(1):87-93.     abstract objective wharton’s jelly (wj) is the gelatinous connective tissue from the umbilical cord. it is composed of mesenchymal stem cells, collagen fibers, and proteoglyc...

Calcineurin (CaN) is a Ca2+/calmodulin (Ca2+/CaM)-dependent serine/threonine protein phosphatase expressed in most mammalian tissues but found at higher concentration in brain. In the last decade there have been a steadily increasing number of studies identifying neuronal CaN as a primary suspect in neuronal vulnerability, synapse loss, dendritic atrophy, synaptic dysfunction and neuroinflammat...

Objective(s):Theneuroprotective effect of lithium has been attributed to its therapeutic action. However, the role of glial cells particularly astrocytes, and the possible interactions between neurons and astrocytes in neuroprotective effects of lithium have been disregarded. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the direct effects of lithium on brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) an...

background: b cell cll/lymphoma 2 protein, bcl-2, is an important anti-apoptotic factor that has been implicated in lithium’s neuroprotective effect. however, most studies have focused on assessing the effects of lithium in neurons, ignoring examination of bcl-2 in astrocytes, which also influence neuronal survival and are affected in bipolar disorder. the aim of this study was to evaluate whet...

Neuroleptics penetrate into the brain, where they act not only on neurons but probably also on glial cells. In the available literature, there are no reports on the effect of neuroleptics on cytokine release in glia cultures. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of neuroleptics on the release of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta and IL-2) by mixed glial and microglial cell culture...

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is released by glioma cells and promotes tumor growth. We have previously found that GDNF from the a chemoattractant for microglial cells, immune of central nervous system. Here we show increases matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 9 MMP14 expression in cultured mixed sexes neonatal mice. The GDNF-induced MMP9 upregulation mediated family receptor a...

objective(s):theneuroprotective effect of lithium has been attributed to its therapeutic action. however, the role of glial cells particularly astrocytes, and the possible interactions between neurons and astrocytes in neuroprotective effects of lithium have been disregarded. thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the direct effects of lithium on brain derived neurotrophic factor (bdnf) an...