this paper deals with the assessment of the depth of the modern anesthesia. a new classification is proposed and a test is designed for monitoring the movement of the hand during complete relaxation.

Pantothenatekinase-associated neurodegeneration is a rare progressive disorder characterized by dystonia, rigidity, choreoathetosis and mental deterioration. Patients requiring general anesthesia with this syndrome may have many anesthesia-relevant symptoms that influence the preanesthetic management, the induction of anesthesia and the postoperative care. In this case report, we present the an...

Total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) is defined as a technique of general anaesthesia using a combination of agents given solely by the intravenous route and in the absence of inhalational agents. The intravenous route has long and efficiently been used to administer anesthetics drugs, but inhalational anesthesia with modern drugs and machines had revolutionized human anesthesia from the 1960s....

Acupuncture anesthesia is a method of inducing an anesthetic effect through needling for a surgical operation; it was first implemented in the 1950s. It originates from Traditional Chinese Medicine and is considered one of the most important achievements in modern medicine. Acupuncture anesthesia was developed vigorously and applied widely during the 1960s and 1970s. In dentistry, most tooth ex...

For many years, retrobulbar and peribulbar anesthesia were the standard for cataract surgery; however, many serious adverse effects have been reported (1, 2). With the introduction of modern phacoemulsification cataract surgery, topical anesthesia without retrobulbar or periocular injections has become a well-established, minimally invasive technique (3). The addition of intracameral lidocaine ...