alzheimer disease (ad) is a neurodegenerative disorder marked by cognitive and behavioral impairment. amyloid beta (aβ) peptides are involved in ad as the main component of amyloid plaques found in the brain. recent in vivo and in vitro studies have shown that there is a lot of substances that alter aβ pathogenesis of ad. aβ induces toxicity lead to increasing ros. in the other hand, 5-ht6 and ...

the n-methyl-d-aspartic acid (nmda) receptor is one of the specific types of ionotropic receptors which lied to glutaminergic system. it has been widely accepted that nmda receptor neurons promote anxiety, in humans as well as in animal models. however, in the previous study seems inhibiting of this receptors decreased the protective role in neural cell. demonstration of nmda receptor activity ...

in the last few years, a lot of preclinical studies showed the therapeutic potential of stem cells in spinal cord injury (sci). neural stem cells (nscs) can be differentiated into all cell types of spinal cord. nscs are cells that maintain the capacity to differentiate into brain-specific cell types, and may also replace or repair of injury in central nervous system. here in, we describe the ef...

microglia is a type of glial cell located throughout the central nervous system (cns), which is sensitive to cns injury and disease. responsibility of microglia as the resident macrophage cells for injuries suggests that these cells have the potential to act as diagnostic markers of disease beginning or progression. function of microglia is strongly synchronized by the microenvironment of brain...

parkinson’s disease (pd) is the second most common neurodegenerative brain disorder which is around 1.5 times more common in men than in women. currently, drug medications, surgery, and lifestyle changes are common approaches to pd, while all of them focused on reducing the symptoms. therefore, regenerative medicine based on stem cell (sc) therapies has raised a promising hope. various types of...

objective(s): quinolinic acid (qa)-mediated excitotoxicity has been widely used as a model for studying neurodegenerative disorders. recent studies suggested that saffron (crocus sativus) or its active metabolite, i.e. safranal, exerts pharmacological actions on central nervous system including anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, and neuroprotective properties. the present study aimed to investigate th...

Many chemicals with broad industrial, pharmaceutical and agricultural application produce a neurotoxic syndrome in humans and experimental animals involving weight loss, skeletal muscle weakness and ataxia. Neurotoxicity is defined as a structural change or a functional alteration of the nervous system resulting from exposure to a chemical, biological or physical agent. Neurotoxicity including ...

neurodegenerative disorders such as huntingtons disease, alzheimers disease, parkinsons disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinal muscular atrophy, friedreichs ataxia, and others are multi-factorial illnesses in which many pathways (still poorly understood) act serially and in parallel to give a determined pathologic phenotype. thus, presently there are no effective cures for these disease...