A bystander effect is biological changes in non-irradiated cells by transmitted signals from irradiated bystander cells, which causes the radiation toxic effects on the adjacent non-irradiated tissues. This phenomenon occurs by agents such as ionizing radiation, ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and chemotherapy. The bystander effect includes biological processes such as damage to DNA, cell death, ch...

although the genome is defined by its primary sequence, its functional properties, are determined by far more complex mechanisms and depend on multiple layers of nuclear organization. the architecture of the nucleus includes two overlapping structures: the chromatin and a framework structure named the nuclear matrix. ultra-structural studies reveal that the nuclear matrix is a network consistin...

Mutations in the mitochondrial-DNA or mitochondria related nuclear-encoded-DNA lead to various multisystemic disorders collectively termed mitochondrial diseases. One three cases of disease affects heart muscle, which is called cardiomyopathy (MCM) and associated with hypertrophic, dilated, noncompact cardiomyopathy. The an organ high energy demand, occupy 30%–40% its cardiomyocyte-cell volume....

The lectin, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), has previously been shown to prevent transport into the cell nucleus. This paper shows that WGA also inhibits nuclear DNA replication, under the same conditions that prevent transport. Although WGA eliminates sperm nuclear DNA replication in a cell-free extract of Xenopus eggs, DNA synthesis on a single-stranded template proceeds normally. Inhibition of ...

objective: in this paper, we have introduced topoisomerase inhibitors, mechanism of action and types of them. dna topoisomerases are ubiquitous enzymes that catalyze essential enzymes to solve the topological problems accompanying key nuclear processes such as dna replication, transcription, repair and chromatin assembly by introducing temporary single or double strand breaks in the dna. result...