context the hepatitis b virus (hbv) is a highly infectious virus which spreads through blood and other infected fluids such as semen. individuals can be infected with the virus through sexual contact, by sharing needles or by a needle accident, by getting a body piercing or tattooing, and prenatally or at birth, if the mother is infected with the virus. evidence acquisition we searched medical ...

background: despite the success of developed countries in preventing the spread of hiv/aids, the disease is expanding in developing countries where an unfavorable attitude exists among people, health professionals and employees. this study aimed to assess the stigmatized attitude among health care providers toward people living with hiv (plwha). methods: the study is a cross-sectional survey. t...

Nosocomial transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) to haemodialysed patients, strongly suspected in epidemiological studies, has recently been unequivocally demonstrated by molecular virology reports. Potential transmission mechanisms include staff hands, dialysis monitors, and equipment items shared between patients. The respective involvement of each of these vectors in HCV transmission has n...

H. pylori is a common bacterium, and approximately 50 percent of the world's population has been estimated to be infected (198). Humans are the principal reservoir. The prevalence of H. pylori infection varies widely by geographic area, age, race, ethnicity, and SES. Rates appear to be higher in developing than in developed countries, with most of the infections occurring during childhood, and ...