Introduction: Neurohormones like testosterone and estradiol have an important role in learning and memory. The hippocampus is essentially involved in learning and memory, and is known to be a target for estradiol actions. Estrogen receptors (ERs) are highly expressed in CA1 of rat hippocampus, and mediate the effects of estrogen on learning and memory. Estradiol receptor belong to a family ...

Introduction: The current study aimed at investigating the existence of the cross state-dependent learning between morphine and scopolamine (SCO) in mice by passive avoidance method, pointing to the role of CA1 area.  Methods: The effects of pre-training SCO (0.75, 1.5, and 3 μg, Intra-CA1), or morphine (1, 3, and 6 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p.) was evaluated on the retrieval of passiv...

Introduction: Cholinergic neuronal deficiency is one of the main causes of Alzheimer's pathology, which leads to learning and memory impairment. Scopolamine is a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist commonly used to induce Alzheimer's disease (AD). Insulin also regulates learning and memory function. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of central administration of insulin on pa...

In the present study, the effects of morphine sensitization on morphine-induced impairment of memory formation and the state-dependent retrieval of a passive avoidance task learned under morphine influence have been investigated in mice. Pre-training administration of morphine (0.5, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg) dose dependently suppressed the learning of one-trial passive avoidance task. Pre-test administr...

In the present study, the effects of morphine sensitization on morphine-induced impairment of memory formation and the state-dependent retrieval of a passive avoidance task learned under morphine influence have been investigated in mice. Pre-training administration of morphine (0.5, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg) dose dependently suppressed the learning of one-trial passive avoidance task. Pre-test administr...

diabetes mellitus is accompanied with disturbances in learning, memory, and cognitive skills in the human society and experimental animals. therefore, this research study was conducted to evaluate time-dependent changes in passive avoidance and y-maze performance in male diabetic rats. for this purpose, male wistar rats were randomly divided into control and diabetic groups. for induction of di...

introduction: exposure to 3, 4- methylenedioxymethamphetamine (mdma) could lead to serotonergic system toxicity in the brain. this system is responsible for learning and memory functions. studies show that mdma causes memory impairment dose-dependently and acutely. the present study was designed to evaluate the chronic and acute effects of mdmd on spatial memory and acquisition of passive avoid...

introduction: alzheimer’s disease (ad) is a enfeeble neurodegenerative disorder characterized by increased β-amyloid (aβ) deposition and neuronal dysfunction leading to impaired learning and recall. among proposed risk factors, impaired cholinergic transmission is a main cause for incidence of disease. methods: in the present study, effects of the intracerebroventricularly administration of an ...