background: avian infectious bronchitis (ib), with avianinfectious bronchitis virus (ibv) as the causing agent, is a ubiquitous endemicdisease of the chicken with devastating effects on its industry. a viralmembrane surface protein called s  notonly induces neutralizing antibodies but also plays an important role in virusbinding and entry to host cells. technically, s1 protein gene sequencing a...

BACKGROUND: Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is the causativeagent of the Newcastle disease (ND), a highly contagiousdisease in birds that causes significant economic losses to thepoultry industry worldwide. ND is endemic in Iran and outbreaksare reported regularly in commercial poultry flocks and differentspecies of birds. OBJECTIVES:The current study was carried outto characterize NDV based on p...

BACKGROUND: Canine Distemper (CD) is a lethal systemicdisease affecting a wide variety of terrestrial carnivores.OBJECTIVES: This study was performed to survey epidemiologicaland molecular characteristics of the canine distemper virus(CDV) strains circulating in Iran. METHODS: In this study, 19CDV-suspected unvaccinated dogs from Northeast and center ofIran were analyzed for presence of CDV nuc...

barley belongs to the poaceae which is the largest monocotyledon family. plastid single-copy gene acetyl-coa carboxylase (accase) is the first step in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and therefore, it is used to study the phylogenetic relationships, evolutionary and systematic of grasses. in this study, for the first time, phylogenetic relationship of eight species of hordeum genus from iran in...

Background: The emergence and propagation of different phylogenetic groups of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli have become a worldwide health concern in human and veterinary medicine. Therefore, the evaluation of the phylogenetic distribution of antibiotic-resistant E. coli is important for therapeutic and economic purposes. The aims of this study were to determine phylogenetic groups and patter...

The thirteen species of Phaneropterinae here studied can be arranged in four different groups according to their basic karyological traits. All of them share the same kind of chromosomal sex determining mechanism with X0♂ and XX♀. The X chromosome differs among species and always appears heteropycnotic during prophase I, it is the largest in the set and segregates precociously during anaphase I...

background and objectives: diarrheagenic escherichia coli (dec) strains are a major cause of intestinal syndromes in the developing countries. the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of enterotoxigenic e. coli (etec) and enteroinvasive e. coli (eiec) in relation to phylogenetic background from patients with diarrhea. materials and methods: a total of 110 e. coli isolates were obta...

background: computational identification of phylogenetic motifs helps to understand the knowledge about known functional features that includes catalytic site, substrate binding epitopes, and protein-protein interfaces. furthermore, they are strongly conserved among orthologs, indicating their evolutionary importance. the study aimed to analyze five candidate genes involved in type ii diabetic ...