The production approach 2 to the calculation of nominal GDP involves calculating the value of outputs produced by an industry and subtracting the value of intermediate inputs (or intermediate consumption to use the national accounting term) used in the industry. This difference in value is called the industry’s value added. Summing these industry estimates of value added leads to an estimate of...

abstract protection policies in the agricultural sector is an inevitable necessity, its accomplish effects individuals welfare and economic sectors. protection policies account for a major economic strategy in agricultural sectors of developing and developed countries. applying ardl, the study investigates effects of protection policy in agricultural sector on total factor productivity of this ...

In this article, we estimate the vertical price transmission through the Iranian rice marketing chain by usingmonthly data from March 2000 to February, 2009 and error correction model (ECM).The causality testresults indicate that changes in the producer price clearly led changes in wholesale and retail prices. InProducer-Retail and Wholesale-Retail models, price transmission is asymmetric but i...

The main purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between consumer price index (CPI) and producer price index (PPI) in Malaysia. This research considers monthly data of consumer price index and producer price index from January 1986 to April 2007. The Johansen cointegration method suggests that there is long-run equilibrium relationship between these two variables. Both Engle Grange...