Many studies exist about the selection phase of fungicide resistance evolution, where a resistant strain is present in a pathogen population and is differentially selected for by the application of fungicides. The emergence phase of the evolution of fungicide resistance--where the resistant strain is not present in the population and has to arise through mutation and subsequently invade the pop...

Fungicide mixtures produced by the agrochemical industry often contain low-risk fungicides, to which fungal pathogens are fully sensitive, together with high-risk fungicides known to be prone to fungicide resistance. Can these mixtures provide adequate disease control while minimizing the risk for the development of resistance? We present a population dynamics model to address this question. We...

There are a number of turf fungicides the activity of which is based on the phosphite (=phosphonate) ion (P03-). Chipco Signature fungicide (active ingredient fosetyl-Al) is the most common, and has become a "keystone" product for disease control programs on many golf courses across the country. This is in part because of the general enhancement in quality on stressed turfgrass that has been re...

approved: _______________________________________________________ Christopher Mundt Fungicide resistance has become an increasing problem in North American populations of Zymoseptoria tritici, the causal agent of septoria leaf blotch of wheat. The goal of this experiment was to determine whether Z. tritici’s resistance to one azole fungicide would predict resistance in other fungicides within t...

thirty seven isolates of erysiphe necator were collected from different vineyards from three regions and nine cities of khorasan razavi province within two time periods i.e. may to june and august to september 2009. their resistance to azoxystrobin + difenconazole (ortiva®) fungicide as well as cross resistance to penconazole and hexaconazole fungicides registered in iran for the control of pow...

Azole fungicides play a prominent role for reliable plant disease management. However, quantitative azole resistance has been shown to develop in fungal pathogens, including Fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB). Due to widespread application of azole fungicides, resistance may accumulate to higher degrees in fungal field populations over time. Although azole fung...

Plants are attacked by various phytopathogenic fungi. For many years, synthetic fungicides have been used to control plant diseases. Although synthetic fungicides are highly effective, their repeated use has led to problems such as environmental pollution, development of resistance, and residual toxicity. This has prompted intensive research on the development of biopesticides, including botani...

Dithiocarbamate fungicides such as maneb and mancozeb are widely used nonsystemic protectant fungicides to control various plant fungal diseases. Dithiocarbamate fungicides should be frequently applied to achieve optimal efficacy of disease control and avoid either decline in effectiveness or wash-off from leaf surface. Dithiocarbamates are of low resistance risk but have the potential to cause...

Crop protection anilinopyrimidine (AP) fungicides were introduced more than 20 years ago for the control of a range of diseases caused by ascomycete plant pathogens, and in particular for the control of gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea. Although early mode of action studies suggested an inhibition of methionine biosynthesis, the molecular target of this class of fungicides was never fully c...